As they reached Exeter, the king's commands that the prince leave the country became more and more insistent. After the fall of Bristol in September the parliamentarian army advanced quickly into the south-west. The king excepted from the queen's remit the prince's religious upbringing, which was to be looked after by the bishop of Salisbury, but the prince's council still regarded a move to his mother's court as a disaster for the royal cause, and resisted the instruction. In August the king ordered him to escape to France and the governorship of his mother if he were in danger of falling into the hands of parliament. The king, facing the possibility of capture, wrote soon after to Prince Charles, charging him ' never to yield to any conditions that are dishonourable, unsafe for your person, or derogatory to regal authority, upon any considerations whatsoever, though it were for the saving of my life' ( Clarendon, Hist. Although Goring expelled a parliamentarian army under Sir William Waller from the area in March, the royalist forces could make no further progress, and the rout of the king's army at Naseby made ultimate royalist defeat inevitable. The council's relationship with the principal soldiers in the region, Sir Richard Grenville and Sir George Goring, became extremely poor. The imposition of a new leadership above the existing royalist commanders in the west country helped to exacerbate some of the personal and structural tensions it had been intended to overcome. The prince left Oxford on 4 March, accompanied by Culpeper and Hyde and the generals Lord Capel and Sir Ralph Hopton.
A council was created to advise him, mainly composed of moderate royalists-the duke of Richmond, the earl of Southampton, Lord Culpeper, and Edward Hyde: they also included the earl of Berkshire, who had replaced Hertford as the prince's governor. In March, shortly after the failure of the peace negotiations at Uxbridge, the king, concerned that ' himself and the Prince were too much to venture in one bottom', resolved to send him into the west country as nominal leader of the royalist forces there. Not until 1645 did the prince begin to take on an independent role. For a period the prince's main contribution to the royalist cause was as a means of attracting continental military aid through a marriage alliance: his marriage to the daughter of the prince of Orange had been considered in 1643, and was revived briefly in early 1644 during a visit of Dutch ambassadors to England. When, shortly after, the king left for the north, he took his son with him.Ĭharles spent most of the war in company with his father, who had ' no resolution more fixed in him, than that the Prince should never be absent from him' ( Clarendon, Hist. As the relations between king and parliament soured still further at the beginning of 1642, the king sent the queen to The Hague, and regained custody of the prince, over the protests of the two houses. In October parliament requested that the prince should be placed directly under Hertford's care. The house was perhaps reminded of the danger that he might fall into the wrong hands: in August, at its request, Newcastle was removed from the governorship on suspicion of his involvement in the army plot, and was replaced by William Seymour, marquess of Hertford. In May 1641 he bore a note from the king to the House of Lords pleading for the life of the earl of Strafford. Dr Brian Duppa, the dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and a protégé of Archbishop Laud, became his tutor.Īs the relationship between king and the Long Parliament deteriorated in 1640–41, the care and education of the prince of Wales became an issue of political significance, particularly as his mother was well known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church in her adopted country: Prince Charles had already been a target for the proselytizing efforts of the papal envoys, who were warned off by the king. In 1631 the countess of Dorset was appointed his governess, and in 1638 his household was officially established under the governorship of William Cavendish, earl of Newcastle. Board of Trustees of the National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside (Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool)Ĭharles II ( 1630–1685), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was born on at St James's Palace, London, where he was baptized on 27 June, the second (but first surviving) son of Charles I (1600–1649) and Henrietta Maria (1609–1669), the daughter of Henri IV of France and Marie de' Medici.
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